The ver-nacular-revival style of houses at Letchworth was influenced by the earlier Garden Suburb at Bedford Park, Chiswick, London (from 1877), and by housing developments and settlements such as Port Sunlight (from 1888) and Bournville, Birmingham (from 1879). (begun 1903), designed by Parker and Unwin. Blaise Hamlet near Bristol), the first Garden City was at Letchworth, Herts. Influenced by the Garden Suburbs (low-density developments that were essentially derived from the Picturesque tradition of houses in gardens evolved by Nash and others at e.g. The concept of the Garden City was devised in England by Ebenezer Howard in order to combine the benefits of town and country, and involved the creation of a town built in the countryside with all facilities, places of work, etc. Moskow, Angela (1999), “Havana’s self-provision gardens”, Environment and Urbanization Vol 11, No 1, pages 127–134, available at. Ĭonaty, Pat and Martin Large (editors) (2013), Commons sense: Co-operative place making and the capturing of land value for 21st century Garden Cities, Co-operatives UK, 96 pages, available at. Evictions, the urban poor and the right to the city in millennial Delhi”, Environment and Urbanization Vol 21, No 1, pages 127–142, available at. These principles are presented as a harmonious approach to urban design and community relations that can apply to existing cities as well as to new towns.īhan, Gautam (2009), “ ‘This is no longer the city I once knew’. While recognizing how difficult it is to measure happiness, the authors urge moving beyond a focus on material wealth. Wealth and harmony measured by happiness. Cooperation and innovation are prized.ġ2. Knowledge is held in common, shared and enhanced. Individual and collective rights are protected, as well as the Right to the City, which is both individual and collective.ġ1. A City of Rights that builds and defends the Right to the City. Inclusive public spaces are designed by citizens and not only plannersġ0. Garden Cities are produced through participatory planning and design methods. Forms of governance will vary depending on context (such as street committees in Venezuela), but the principle of genuine participation should always be observed.ĩ. Fair representation and direct democracy. All residents can contribute and be rewarded.Ĩ. All citizens are equal, all citizens are different. Inequality is reduced and wealth redistributed through participatory budgeting, where the population decides on what happens with their city’s money.ħ. This is an international means of sharing prosperity (the principle below).Ħ. Land must be used inclusively for housing, business, recreation and agriculture (as in Havana, where the US trade embargo and loss of Soviet food imports led to an explosion of urban agriculture).ĥ. Provide access to land for living and working to all. The right to clean air is respected through measures such as green transport.Ĥ. The Garden City is energy efficient and carbon neutral. Examples are community land trusts and cooperative land banks.ģ. In effect, such a city is its own landlord. Ross and Cabannes promote a model of active citizenship that is more about empowered participation and a sense of belonging than legal status.Ģ. People rather than landscapes are at the core of these rural–urban hybrids.ġ. More recently, one of Letchworth’s previous mayors, Philip Ross, joined the urban planner/professor Yves Cabannes later to write this little book, a 21 st-century update of the 1898 one.Ģ1st Century Garden Cities of To-Morrow lays out the 12 principles that, in the authors’ view and in various combinations, constitute a Garden City. The movement that book sparked led to the first-ever Garden City, Letchworth (UK). In 1898, Garden Cities of To-morrow – the peaceful path to reform was published.
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